തനിയാവർത്തനം

പുറത്തു മഴ തിമർക്കുകയാണ്.

ആരോടോ വാശി തീർക്കും പോലെ

അതോ

ആർത്തലച്ചു കരയുകയോ,

കൊഞ്ഞനം കുത്തി ചിരിക്കയോ?

                      എനിക്കിതു പ്രണയ മഴയാണ്.

                      വിണ്ടുകീറിയ ആത്മാവിലേക്ക്

                     കിനിഞ്ഞിറകിയ പ്രതീക്ഷ

ഓർമ മഴയാണിത്‌.

പ്രണയത്തിൻ കുളിരും വിരഹത്തിൻ

കയ്പ്പും

പകർന്ന ഓർമ മഴ.

                        പെയ്തൊഴിയുന്ന ഓരോ മഴയിലും

                         വിഫലം

                        തേടി ഞാൻ എൻ

                      നഷ്ട്ടപ്രണയത്തെ 

നിർദയം

വിടചൊല്ലി നീ അകലുമ്പോഴും

കാത്തിരുന്നു ഞാൻ

ഇനിയുമൊരു മഴക്കാലതിനായ്

തനിയാവർത്തനതിനായ്

                     പെയ്തു തോരാത്ത നീർമണികൾ പോൽ

                      വറ്റാതെ

                   എന്നിൽ നിൻ പ്രണയം

                   ഒഴുകുന്നതും കാത്ത്

GENERATIONS OF MOBILE PHONES

1)First Generation

The main technological development that distinguished the First Generation mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one site to the next as the user travel led between cells during a conversation. The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. 

2)Second Generation 

        In the 1990s, the 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems emerged, primarily using theGSM standard. These 2G phone systems differed from the previous generation in their use of digital transmission instead of analog transmission, and also by the introduction of advanced and fast phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones

In 1991 the first GSM network opened in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.

The second generation introduced a new variant to communication, as SMS text messaging became possible, initially on GSM networks and eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992. The first person-to-person SMS text message was sent in Finland in 1993. Soon SMS became the communication method of preference for the youth. Today in many advanced markets the general public prefers sending text messages to placing voice calls.

3)Third Generation

 As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilise mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing.


The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK . European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.

Furthermore, if the experience from fixed broadband services was anything to go by, there would also be a demand for ever greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.

4)Fourth Generation 

Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid 2000s that spe******ed devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.

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